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Professor Paul
Zimmet
AO
Head of
International Diabetes Institute, Melbourne
"The data that I have seen so far makes this one of the most forward looking and best prospects of an oral insulin"
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Non-Executive Director and
Investor
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Natural Human Proteins
Technology
Benefits
Competitive advantages
    More closely mimic human proteins
    Contain human sugar attachments (glycosylation)
Technology

Apollo has created a library of over 60 recombinant human proteins that closely mimic proteins in the human body because they are expressed from human cells.

Proteins are the basic building blocks of life, controlling diverse cellular and physiological processes such as metabolism (energy expenditure), the immune response (involved in fighting diseases) and memory and learning in the human brain. Apollo’s continually expanding range of proteins includes cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, hormones and their receptors.

Apollo’s technology creates proteins that are uniquely human in composition and attachments. The human-ness of the attachments in particular is central to how a protein performs its role in the body. More...

Apollo began developing human-expressed proteins for use as therapeutics in 2002, responding to the growing demand for more effective treatments for chronic diseases and age-related disorders, and growing research interest in the role that protein sugar structures play in therapeutic outcomes. Apollo built on its experience working with human cells to produce natural human proteins.

To create the protein library Apollo had to overcome the technical difficulties of obtaining purified human protein with intact human attachments at acceptable yields. Apollo has invested significant time and resources in developing its proprietary knowledge and core capabilities in the areas of cloning, expression, purification, quantification and characterization of human cell expressed (hcx™) recombinant human proteins. We also conduct scientific and preclinical research to clarify the proteins’ structure and biological function.

This accumulated knowledge provides a platform to devise discovery and development strategies for new targets, and effectively move them through the production and analysis stages. The development cycle for new proteins has been significantly reduced and is continually streamlined. Apollo’s project teams combine the skills of molecular biologists, protein chemists, cell biologists, immunologists and glycoprotein chemists to develop, produce and analyse hcx™ proteins.

Apollo uses the proteins to develop its own next-generation therapeutics, and offers research grade proteins for sale. The 60+ lyophilised proteins currently available as products are >97% pure and undergo stringent quality control and endotoxin plus stability testing. These uniquely human proteins are sold to researchers through Apollo Cytokine Research. A further 60 proteins are at different stages of development.

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Benefits of Apollo’s hcx™ proteins

Apollo’s hcx™ proteins offer benefits in several areas because they more closely mimic proteins in the human body than other commercially available recombinant human proteins.

Such benefits may include:

  • Therapeutics with fewer side effects, better efficacy, and lower or less frequent dosing than existing biopharmaceuticals
  • Diagnostics with heightened sensitivity, permitting earlier diagnosis and the possibility of prevention rather than treatment
  • Research tools that are more physiologically relevant to human biological systems.
     

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Benefits of Apollo’s hcx™ proteins
More closely mimic human proteins

Apollo’s hcx™ proteins closely mimic proteins in the human body because both their amino acid sequence (composition) and post-translational modifications (PTMs or attachments) are human. By contrast, other commercially available recombinant human proteins lack human attachments because they are not produced from human cells, as summarised in the following table.

Expression system
Characteristics of resultant proteins
Source cell species
DNA species
Human composition
(amino acid sequence)
Human attachments
(PTMs)
        Human
Human
        Rodent
Human
        Yeast
Human
        Bacteria
Human

Research and clinical experience with first-generation biopharmaceuticals are now showing that the unmodified human protein by itself may not be able to function effectively inside the body. The attachments, which can take over 100 forms including sugars (glycosylation), are crucial for proteins to fulfil their roles in the body. This in turn can affect drug effectiveness, dosing convenience, and cost.

Contain human sugar attachments (glycosylation)

Apollo’s hcx™ proteins have human sugar attachments. Apollo focuses on ensuring its hcx™ proteins are as close to the natural form as possible, to optimise their usefulness as potential therapeutics, diagnostics and research tools. More

By contrast, “human” proteins expressed in bacteria, yeast or rodent cells have different sugars that may be foreign to the human body. In the most extreme case, human proteins expressed in E. coli (bacteria) cells have no sugar structures because E. coli do not have the cellular machinery to create them.

    DNA
Expression System
              rh Protein
Proteins expressed in E. coli don't have some PTMs such as glycosylation
Apollo's hcx™ proteins have human PTMs making them more human

 

For further reading on this subject, please click here.

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